Sunday 6 November 2011

Java Collections – Performance (Time Complexity)


Many developers I came across in my career as a software developer are only familiar with the most basic data structures, typically, Array, Map and Linked List. These are fundamental data structures and one could argue that they are generic enough to fit most of the commercial software requirements. But what worries me most is that even seasoned developers are not familiar with the vast repertoire of available data structures and their time complexity. In this post the ADTs (Abstract Data Types) present in the Java Collections (JDK 1.6) are enlisted and the performance of the various data structures, in terms of time, is assessed.

Before we start it is helpful to understand the so-called “Big O” notation. This notation approximately describes how the time to do a given task grows with the size of the input. Roughly speaking, on one end we have O(1) which is “constant time” and on the opposite end we have O(xn) which is “exponential time”. The following chart summarizes the growth in complexity due to growth of input (n). In our data structure walk-through we sometimes use the symbol h to signify the Hash Table capacity.


List

A list is an ordered collection of elements.


Add
Remove
Get
Contains
Data  Structure
ArrayList
 O(1)
O(n)
O(1)
O(n)
Array
LinkedList
 O(1)
O(1)
O(n)
O(n)
Linked List
CopyonWriteArrayList
 O(n)
O(n)
O(1)
O(n)
Array

Set

A collection that contains no duplicate elements.


Add
Contains
Next
Data Structure
HashSet
O(1)
O(1)
O(h/n)
Hash Table
LinkedHashSet
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Hash Table + Linked List
EnumSet
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Bit Vector
TreeSet
O(log n)
O(log n)
O(log n)
Red-black tree
CopyonWriteArraySet
O(n)
O(n)
O(1)
Array
ConcurrentSkipList
O(log n)
O(log n)
O(1)
Skip List

Queue

A collection designed for holding elements prior to processing.


Offer
Peak
Poll
Size
Data Structure
PriorityQueue
O(log n )
O(1)
O(log n)
O(1)
Priority Heap
LinkedList
 O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Array
ArrayDequeue
 O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Linked List
ConcurrentLinkedQueue
 O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(n)
Linked List
ArrayBlockingQueue
 O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Array
PriorirityBlockingQueue
O(log n)
O(1)
O(log n)
O(1)
Priority Heap
SynchronousQueue
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
None!
DelayQueue
O(log n)
O(1)
O(log n)
O(1)
Priority Heap
LinkedBlockingQueue
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Linked List

Map

An object that maps keys to values. A map cannot duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value.


Get
ContainsKey
Next
Data Structure
HashMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(h / n)
Hash Table
LinkedHashMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Hash Table + Linked List
IdentityHashMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(h / n)
Array
WeakHashMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(h / n)
Hash Table
EnumMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
Array
TreeMap
O(log n)
O(log n)
O(log n)
Red-black tree
ConcurrentHashMap
O(1)
O(1)
O(h / n)
Hash Tables
ConcurrentSkipListMap
O(log n)
O(log n)
O(1)
Skip List

959 comments:

  1. I second that. The element should be found in the list before it can be removed by changing the pointers so it is O(n).

    ReplyDelete
  2. every queue implementation has O(N) on contains() method?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. This comment has been removed by the author.

      Delete
    2. Array and LinkedList has O(n) on contains() method for sure. If element is not in array or list you have to traverse all elements just to be sure. In Priority Heap as name suggest use some kind of heap (couldn't find exactly which, so I will assume it is binary heap), which is data structure similar to binary tree, with special rules. Contains() on binary heap takes O(log n).

      Delete
  3. Linked List not use Array Data Structure

    ReplyDelete
  4. It is common to just write how long removal itself will take without actual search. You have to take it as: if you have pointer to object o in linked list then removal will take O(1).
    It is done this way, so you can see difference between different collections:
    ArrayList has remove O(n) + search, while LinkedList have O(1)+ search. Removal would have O(n) complexity for both even though LinkedList removal is way faster.

    ReplyDelete
  5. How come LinkedList use Arrays ????

    Big question. Please correct...

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  8. Really useful. Thanks for sharing.

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  9. Really useful. Thanks for sharing.

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  10. Thank you for nice article but I just want some more explanation because I am prepring this for my interview, like reason for each data structure complexity.good explained for arraylist and linkedlist but I need this type of explanation for each is it possible here??

    ReplyDelete
  11. Many of this runtimes are not correct. One should distinguish between per-operation, amortized and (stochastic) expected worst-case runtimes. The runtimes here are mixed up and always choose the beset of the three.

    E.g. ArrayList#add has a worst case complexity of O(n) (array size doubling), but the amortized complexity over a series of operations is in O(1). HashSet#contains has a worst case complexity of O(n) (<= Java 7) and O(log n) otherwise, but the expected complexity is in O(1).

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. In most of the cases here, amortized time complexity is mentioned.

      Delete
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  17. I agree with Robin but the problem is that it is kind of misleading. If a less "seasoned" programmer sees the chart then he will immediately assume that removing an element in LinkedList will just be O(1). An extra column needs to be put or a simple explanation should be given in the opening paragraphs.
    Otherwise, great post!

    ReplyDelete
  18. What does “Next” mean for Set and Map? There is no such operation. If you mean the next() method of their Iterators, then the complexities are dead wrong. Iterators keep a reference to the current node, so it’s always O(1) for the hash maps instead of O(h / n).

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  21. This is not clear at all.
    You have to specify that all of Big-O you are mentioning is the best case.
    For example: get in HashMap in Java
    + best case: O(1)
    + worst case: O(n) or O(logn) - depends on Java SDK version.

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  28. I third that. Seasoned programmers wouldn't even say that the remove method runs in constant time because no seasoned programmer only cares about the singular action the method makes. They care about everything that lead up to the action and that proceeded it. If you only cared about the main action of a method, everything would operate in constant time.

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  29. Also, add() is only constant time if it's added to the beginning or end of a list. This post is super inaccurate.

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